And, when we say everyone , we include people with disabilities like vision, hearing, mobility and cognitive impairment. To solve the problem of digital document inaccessibility, there is a set of universally-accepted guidelines that pave the way for compliance. The World Wide Web Consortium W3C is an international community where the public, member organizations and full-time staff work together to develop web standards.
WCAG outlines how to make digital content more accessible to people with disabilities. See also sign language. In English, "spilling the beans" means "revealing a secret. In Dutch, " Hij ging met de kippen op stok " literally translates into "He went to roost with the chickens," but it means that he went to bed early. This does not include text that is part of a picture that contains significant other visual content.
Content required for conformance is referred to as " normative. A keyboard interface allows users to provide keystroke input to programs even if the native technology does not contain a keyboard. A touchscreen PDA has a keyboard interface built into its operating system as well as a connector for external keyboards. Applications on the PDA can use the interface to obtain keyboard input either from an external keyboard or from other applications that provide simulated keyboard output, such as handwriting interpreters or speech-to-text applications with "keyboard emulation" functionality.
Operation of the application or parts of the application through a keyboard-operated mouse emulator, such as MouseKeys, does not qualify as operation through a keyboard interface because operation of the program is through its pointing device interface, not through its keyboard interface.
A label is presented to all users whereas the name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology. In many but not all cases the name and the label are the same. Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that reduce the familiarity of their letter forms are harder to read, especially at lower contrast levels. Font size is the size when the content is delivered.
It does not include resizing that may be done by a user. The actual size of the character that a user sees is dependent both on the author-defined size and the user's display or user-agent settings.
For many mainstream body text fonts, 14 and 18 point is roughly equivalent to 1. When fonts are defined in relative units, the actual point size is calculated by the user agent for display. The point size should be obtained from the user agent, or calculated based on font metrics as the user agent does, when evaluating this success criterion. Users who have low vision would be responsible for choosing appropriate settings.
When using text without specifying the font size, the smallest font size used on major browsers for unspecified text would be a reasonable size to assume for the font. If a level 1 heading is rendered in 14pt bold or higher on major browsers, then it would be reasonable to assume it is large text.
Relative scaling can be calculated from the default sizes in a similar fashion. The 18 and 14 point sizes for roman texts are taken from the minimum size for large print 14pt and the larger standard font size 18pt. For other fonts such as CJK languages, the "equivalent" sizes would be the minimum large print size used for those languages and the next larger standard large print size. A marriage license, a stock trade financial and legal , a will, a loan, adoption, signing up for the army, a contract of any type, etc.
A broadcast delay is a short usually automated delay, for example used in order to give the broadcaster time to cue or censor the audio or video feed, but not sufficient to allow significant editing.
The mechanism may be explicitly provided in the content, or may be relied upon to be provided by either the platform or by user agents , including assistive technologies.
A media alternative for text is provided for those who benefit from alternate representations of text. Media alternatives for text may be audio-only, video-only including sign-language video , or audio-video.
For example, an element which moves into place or changes size while appearing is considered to be animated. An element which appears instantly without transitioning is not using animation.
Motion animation does not include changes of color, blurring, or opacity which do not change the perceived size, shape, or position of the element. Where a component consists of disconnected parts, such as a link that wraps onto multiple lines, each part is considered to have its own bounding box. The name may be hidden and only exposed by assistive technology, whereas a label is presented to all users.
In many but not all cases, the label and the name are the same. This includes ASCII Art which is a pattern of characters , emoticons, leetspeak which uses character substitution , and images representing text.
Content identified as " informative " or "non-normative" is never required for conformance. See also Pointer Events pointer definition [ pointerevents ]. Successful use of a series of Web pages on a shopping site requires users to view alternative products, prices and offers, select products, submit an order, provide shipping information and provide payment information.
An account registration page requires successful completion of a Turing test before the registration form can be accessed. Determined in a markup language from elements and attributes that are accessed directly by commonly available assistive technology.
Determined from technology-specific data structures in a non-markup language and exposed to assistive technology via an accessibility API that is supported by commonly available assistive technology. In HTML, information that is programmatically determinable from a link in English includes text that is in the same paragraph, list, or table cell as the link or in a table header cell that is associated with the table cell that contains the link.
Since screen readers interpret punctuation, they can also provide the context from the current sentence, when the focus is on a link in that sentence. Text is only purely decorative if the words can be rearranged or substituted without changing their purpose.
The cover page of a dictionary has random words in very light text in the background. A Webcast of a live performance occurs at the same time as the viewing and is not prerecorded. Live humans interacting in a virtual world using avatars is not completely generated by the content and occurs at the same time as the viewing.
Before May the value of 0. It was taken from an older version of the specification and has been updated. It has no practical effect on the calculations in the context of these guidelines. Almost all systems used today to view Web content assume sRGB encoding.
Unless it is known that another color space will be used to process and display the content, authors should evaluate using sRGB colorspace. If using other color spaces, see Understanding Success Criterion 1. If dithering occurs after delivery, then the source color value is used.
For colors that are dithered at the source, the average values of the colors that are dithered should be used average R, average G, and average B. Tools are available that automatically do the calculations when testing contrast and flash. A MathML version of the relative luminance definition is available. A number that indicates whether an image functions as a hyperlink, command button, or check box.
A submit "search" button on one Web page and a "find" button on another Web page may both have a field to enter a term and list topics in the Web site related to the term submitted. In this case, they would have the same functionality but would not be labeled consistently.
Items are considered to be in the same relative order even if other items are inserted or removed from the original order. For example, expanding navigation menus may insert an additional level of detail or a secondary navigation section may be inserted into the reading order. A section may consist of one or more paragraphs and include graphics, tables, lists and sub-sections. Examples include a publication which is split across multiple Web pages, where each page contains one chapter or other significant section of the work.
The publication is logically a single contiguous unit, and contains navigation features that enable access to the full set of pages.
True sign languages are independent languages that are unrelated to the spoken language s of the same country or region. Pages obtained from a single URI that provide navigation which changes the meaning of the Web page. States do not affect the nature of the component, but represent data associated with the component or user interaction possibilities.
An audio version of a Web page. An illustration of a complex process. A paragraph summarizing the major outcomes and recommendations made in a research study. If two or more touch targets are overlapping, the overlapping area should not be included in the measurement of the target size, except when the overlapping targets perform the same action or open the same page.
Offset includes the target and spacing around the target. The target offset from A to B may be different then the offset from B to A, if the size of these targets differ. As used in these guidelines "Web Technology" and the word "technology" when used alone both refer to Web Content Technologies. Web content technologies may include markup languages, data formats, or programming languages that authors may use alone or in combination to create end-user experiences that range from static Web pages to synchronized media presentations to dynamic Web applications.
Text that is programmatically associated with non-text content or referred to from text that is programmatically associated with non-text content. Programmatically associated text is text whose location can be programmatically determined from the non-text content. An image of a chart is described in text in the paragraph after the chart. The short text alternative for the chart indicates that a description follows.
Refer to Understanding Text Alternatives for more information. The term "gig" means something different if it occurs in a discussion of music concerts than it does in article about computer hard drive space, but the appropriate definition can be determined from context.
By contrast, the word "text" is used in a very specific way in WCAG 2. Web browsers, media players, plug-ins, and other programs — including assistive technologies — that help in retrieving, rendering, and interacting with Web content. Multiple user interface components may be implemented as a single programmatic element.
User interface components include form elements and links as well as components generated by scripts. What is meant by "component" or "user interface component" here is also sometimes called "user interface element". An applet has a "control" that can be used to move through content by line or page or random access.
Since each of these would need to have a name and be settable independently, they would each be a "user interface component. The user agent presents content through one or more viewports. Viewports include windows, frames, loudspeakers, and virtual magnifying glasses. A viewport may contain another viewport e. Interface components created by the user agent such as prompts, menus, and alerts are not viewports.
This definition is based on User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1. Although any "other resources" would be rendered together with the primary resource, they would not necessarily be rendered simultaneously with each other.
For the purposes of conformance with these guidelines, a resource must be "non-embedded" within the scope of conformance to be considered a Web page. This message appears when a user tries to submit the form using an invalid date format. The following JavaScript code illustrates the use of a script to validate form fields, in this case, a date field.
To add this script to the form field, open the Text Field Properties dialog, as shown in Example 1, and select Edit in the Validate tab:. JavaScript for Acrobat. For each form field that requires specific input, verify that validation information and instructions are provided by applying the following:.
Check that the format or value that is required is indicated in the form control's label. Use an erroneous format or value and move off the field: make sure that an alert describing the error is provided.
The objective of this technique is to ensure that interactive form controls in PDF documents allow keyboard operation. Form controls are implemented in PDF documents either as described in Section Form controls allow users to interact with a PDF document by filling in information or indicating choices, which can then be submitted for processing.
Users who rely on keyboard access must be able to recognize and understand the form fields, make selections, and provide input to complete the forms, and submit the form, just as sighted users can. Interactive form controls can be provided for forms created by converting a scanned paper form to tagged PDF or by creating a form in an authoring application such as Microsoft Word or Open Office and converting it to tagged PDF.
However, documents created by authoring applications that provide form design features might not fully retain their fillable form fields on conversion to PDF. Complex forms in particular may not have properly converted form fields and labels when tagged in conversion. Using Adobe Acrobat Pro with forms in converted documents, you can ensure that form fields are keyboard accessible and usable by:.
If you have a form in a tagged PDF document created by scanning a paper form or using an authoring tool to generate tagged PDF , you can use Adobe Acrobat Pro to make the form elements keyboard accessible in the same page locations as the static form. The following image shows the resulting form fields after the Run Form Recognition tool is run.
This example is shown in operation in the working example of Interactive Controls in Acrobat. Open the Add New Field menu on the upper left, and select a form field to add. The image below shows the menu of fields. This example is shown in operation in the working example of Interactive Controls in LiveCycle Designer. To edit fields, select the context menu for the field and select Properties The properties menu for that form field lets you modify it, as shown in the following image.
Note: The tooltip is not keyboard accessible but will be screen-reader accessible: see PDF Providing name, role, value information for form fields in PDF documents. You can use Adobe LiveCycle Designer to create new forms. In addition to invoking this standalone tool from the Windows Start menu, you can invoke it in Adobe Acrobat Pro:.
The New Form Assistant creates a blank form. Use the Object Library in the right pane to select form controls. You can also use LiveCycle Designer to create forms based on commonly used forms templates. Invoke the Template Assistant wizard from the New pulldown:.
Select Forms and then select an appropriate type of form. Then, you can personalize the form by swapping out placeholder text, graphics, form fields, and properties with custom objects that you provide or define. The following code fragment illustrates code that is typical for a simple text field such as shown in Examples 1 and 2.
For each form control, verify that it is properly implemented by tabbing to each form control and checking that it can be activated or that its value can be changed from the keyboard. The entire document is also available as a single HTML file. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. Techniques for WCAG 2. PDF Technology Notes Introduction The Portable Document Format PDF is a file format for representing documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system used to create them, as well as of the output device on which they are to be displayed or printed.
It is intended for use by tools that perform the following types of operations: Simple extraction of text and graphics for pasting into other applications.
Processing text for such purposes as searching, indexing, and spell-checking. Making content accessible to people who rely on assistive technology. PDF File Production and Accessibility PDF files may be produced either directly by application programs or indirectly by conversion from other file formats or imaging models.
Microsoft Office 10 - a suite of desktop office applications that creates tagged PDF. API Inspection Tools aDesigner - a disability simulator from the Eclipse Foundation that helps designers ensure that content is accessible and usable by visually impaired users.
On the TouchUp Properties dialog, select the Tag tab. On the Tag panel, type the text alternative in the Alternate Text text box. Right-click on the image and choose Edit Alternate Text. The Alternate Text dialog will be displayed. Type the text alternative in the Alternate Text text box.
Word Right-click on the image and choose Format Picture Select the Web tab Type the alternative text into the text box provided and then click OK. Access the context menu for the image and choose Picture Resources are for information purposes only, no endorsement implied. G Providing short text alternative for non-text content that serves the same purpose and presents the same information as the non-text content.
Using a PDF editor, check that a text alternative is displayed for each image. Expected Results Check 1 is true for each image in the document which needs a text equivalent. Create a table of contents at the beginning of the Word document. Create a table of contents at the beginning of the OpenOffice.
The image below shows the Bookmarks options menu. The next image shows the selection of links in the document for bookmarking. G Providing a Table of Contents. Procedure Check that the Bookmarks panel displays bookmarks.
Check that the bookmarks link to the correct sections in the document. Expected Results Check 1 and Check 2 are true. Common tab-order errors include: Form fields missing from the tagged content. Access the context menu for the selected thumbnail s and select Page Properties Select the Tab Order tab in the Page Properties dialog.
If needed, select a tab order option: Option Description Use Row Order Tabs from the upper left field, moving first left to right and then down, one table row at a time.
Use Column Order Tabs from the upper left field, moving first from top to bottom and then across from left to right, one table column at a time.
Use Document Structure For tagged documents, moves in the tag order specified by the authoring application. To correct the reading order in Example 5, use the Tags panel, and either Drag-and-drop the H1 tag to precede the required-field text tagged H2 , or Cut-and-paste the H2 tag to follow the H1 tag.
G Ordering the content in a meaningful sequence G Placing the interactive elements in an order that follows sequences and relationships within the content G Ensuring keyboard control for all functionality. Procedure Verify that the content is in the correct reading order by one of the following: Read the PDF document with a screen reader or a tool that reads aloud, listening to hear that each element is read in the correct order.
Verify that the tab order is correct for focusable content by one of the following: Use the tab key to traverse the focus order in the document. Expected Results 1 and Check 2 are true. Procedure For an image that is purely decorative, use one of the following to verify that it is marked as an artifact: Read the PDF document with a screen reader, listening to hear that the decorative image is not announced when reading the content line-by-line.
Using a PDF editor, make sure the decorative image is marked as an artifact. Reflow the document and make sure the decorative image does not appear on the page. Expected Results 1 is true. Labels for required form controls It is also important that users are aware that an error may occur. Access the context menu of the field and select the Properties dialog. Access the context menu of the form control, select Palettes, and select Object.
Select "User entered - Required" from the Type pulldown. The image below shows the Adobe LiveCycle Object palette with the required selection.
Procedure For each form field that is required, verify that validation information and instructions are provided by applying the following: Check that the required status is indicated in the form control's label. Expected Results 1, 2, and 3 are true. Within PDF documents, a table uses the following structure types for table elements: A table element Table.
Access the table header row's context menu and select Table Properties Select the Row tab. Check "Repeat as header at the top of each page" as shown in the following image. Access the table's context menu and select Table Select the Table Format tab.
To check that a converted document with tables has correct table tagging: In the View menu, select Navigation Panel, then select Tags.
To change these to TH tags: On the Tags tab, open the table row that contains the header cells, as shown on the image above. Select on the first data cell and select Properties Repeat for all the table header cells in the first table row. Procedure For each table, confirm one of the following: Read the PDF document with a screen reader, listening to hear that the tabular information is presented in a way that preserves logical relationships among the table header and data cells.
To ensure that actual text is stored in the document, perform the following steps: Scan the document using as high a resolution as possible to improve the OCR performance. G Separating information and structure from presentation to enable different presentations. Procedure For each page converted to text using OCR, ensure that the resulting PDF has been converted correctly, using one of the following ways: Read the PDF document with a screen reader or a tool that reads aloud, listening to hear that all text is read correctly and in the correct reading order.
The following image illustrates this technique: This example is shown in operation in the working example of Providing definitions for Abbreviations Word document , working example of Providing definitions for Abbreviations OpenOffice document , and working example of Providing definitions for Abbreviations PDF document. G Providing the expansion or explanation of an abbreviation G Linking to definitions G Providing a glossary G Providing a function to search an online dictionary G Providing the first use of an abbreviation immediately before or after the expanded form.
Expected Results Check 1 is true. Heading markup can be used: to indicate start of main content to mark up section headings within the main content area to demarcate different navigational sections, such as top or main navigation, left or secondary navigation, and footer navigation to mark up images containing text which have the appearance of headings visually.
To correct the H2 heading, use the TouchUp Reading Order panel as follows: Left click and drag a selection box over the content you want to tag. Using the Order and Tags panels You can also add or change headings as follows: Bring up the Order panel. Access the context menu for the text to be changed or added as a heading. Select the correct heading tag for the text.
This is a first level heading. Hello world: Tj G Organizing a page using headings. Procedure For all PDF content that is divided into separate sections, use one of the following to verify that headings are tagged correctly: Read the PDF document with a screen reader, listening to hear that the list of headings is announced correctly.
Using a PDF editor, make sure the headings are tagged correctly. Placement rules The table below lists the placement rules governing where Adobe LiveCycle positions labels by default.
If this is not possible, LiveCycle will attempt to place it immediately above the control. Checkbox Default placement for the label is to the right of the check box. Radio button group Default placement for the label for each individual radio button is to the right of the button. Create a visible caption for the radio button group by creating static text and placing it to the left of or above the group.
See Labeling radio buttons below. Combo box Default placement for the label is to the left of the drop-down list. If this is not possible, LiveCycle will attempt to place it immediately above the control.. List box Default placement for the label is above the list box. Button LiveCycle automatically places the label on the button; it does not have to be positioned manually.
Ensure that the button's purpose is properly described in the label text. In the Forms menu, select Add or Edit Fields Repeat for all form fields. Specifying accessible label text using the accessibility palette In LiveCycle Designer, create or import a form. The palette appears in LiveCycle Designer's right-hand panel. Labeling radio buttons When a screen reader user tabs into a radio button, the screen reader needs to announce two items: A general description of the purpose of the group of buttons A meaningful description for the purpose of each radio button To make radio buttons accessible: In the Hierarchy palette, select the radio button group.
Repositioning form labels The placement of a caption, or label, is important because users expect them to be found at a particular location adjacent to the control. If you need to change the position of the label text for example, to accommodate right-to-left text directionality : Select the object by moving the focus to it. Procedure For each form control, verify visually that the label is positioned correctly in relation to the control. For each form control, verify that the name is programmatically associated with the control by one of the following: Open the PDF document with a tool that is capable of showing the name associated with the control and verify that the name is associated correctly with the control.
Expected Results 1 and 2 are true. In all cases, link purpose should be made clear as described in the general techniques: G Identifying the purpose of a link using link text combined with the text of the enclosing sentence G Providing link text that describes the purpose of a link. Save the file as tagged PDF. On the Insert menu, select Hyperlink. Select the text that will become the link text. Access the context menu and select Create Link.
Procedure For each hyperlink, verify that the link is correctly tagged and the link text is properly exposed: Read the PDF document with a screen reader, listening to hear that the link is read correctly and that it describes the purpose of the link i. Expected Results 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 is true. In Adobe Acrobat the role for form controls is set automatically. This should not be confused with the T entry which is defined as the Name in Acrobat's form control properties dialog - the name field in the Properties dialog is not used to provide the name for a control when read by assistive technologies.
V Value The Value entry is set by the user interacting with the control, where a value is needed. Value is entered by user. Value is determined by user selection.
Read Only, Required. In Form Editing mode: Access the context menu for the form field you are creating or modifying. Select the Properties Select the Options tab. Specify the default value and the default state, if appropriate. The image below shows the Check Box Properties dialog, open in the Options tab. The following image shows the Object Palette.
The next image shows the Value tab, with options that can be applied to the field. The third images shows the Binding tab, specifying the name of the field. The next image shows the Link tag structure in the Tag panel. Procedure For the hyperlink, verify that the alternate link text is properly coded by one of the following: Read the PDF document with a screen reader, listening to hear that the alternate link text is read correctly.
You can use these tools to specify headers and footers as shown in the following images: When converted to PDF, the page headers and footers appear in the document. In the General tab, provide a tooltip for the button.
Click Add. The following image shows the Options tab on the Button Properties dialog. It generally does not create reports for individual features or components. Sometimes, Microsoft might release a new component for an existing product, or a new version of an existing component, which users can choose to install separately, and Microsoft might also publish a WCAG report for that component.
Microsoft Office is a multi-tenant hyperscale cloud platform and an integrated experience of apps and services available to customers in several regions worldwide. Most Office services enable customers to specify the region where their customer data is located. Microsoft may replicate customer data to other regions within the same geographic area for example, the United States for data resiliency, but Microsoft will not replicate customer data outside the chosen geographic area.
Use this section to help meet your compliance obligations across regulated industries and global markets. Good catch Lydia! Thank you for pointing out this often overlooked point.
KB, MB, ko and mo are all abbreviations and should be wrapped in an appropriate abbr tag. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
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